The Lost Secret of Research Paper Topics for Communication Majors

The Lost Secret of Research Paper Topics for Communication Majors To develop an argument for this type of paper, you must follow several actions and include several kinds of info in your paper. Make sure you are able to locate an adequate quantity of material for your upcoming paper. A paper is always simpler to write if you're interested in this issue, and you will be more motivated to do in-depth research and compose a paper that actually covers the full subject. The more you fully grasp the simpler it's for you to compose a thriving research paper. There's well-known that you aren't going to have the ability to write a very good insightful research paper if you're not interested in the subject overall and in this issue specifically. Other instances, like in an abnormal psychology program, might ask that you compose your paper on a particular subject like a psychological disorder. For you to compose a superb and intriguing small business research paper, your choice of topic has to be in your field of interest. This advice might seem dull if you're working on historical paper. Research Paper Topics for Communication Majors: No Longer a Mystery If you've got an interest in language research, let's talk about doing it! Students who don't possess decent communication skills lag behind in every field of life. Describe the part of theories in communication to come up with a productive communication for corporate world. How to Choose Research Paper Topics for Communication Majors Settling on an outstanding topic is the very f irst step to writing a compelling paper. Locating a solid topic is just one of the most crucial steps when writing any form of paper. Chancing upon a topic for your study can be hard, but there are lots of great techniques to think of intriguing ideas. Still, figuring out the very best topic for your essay isn't your only concern for a student. They've been organized into ten categories and cover a wide selection of subjects so that you can easily locate the very best topic for you. Topics provided in the aforementioned lists are supplied to the students for free of charge. This isn't an instance of the work generated by our Topics with Titles Service. Another way to know the forms of communication is the method. Even if a specific research paper topic is getting plenty of buzz at the moment or other men and women seem interested in writing about it, don't feel tempted to make it your topic if you don't genuinely have some kind of interest in it also. Luckily, there are lots of great places to seek out inspiration and the next list contains just a couple suggestions to help get you started. You might not agree with it, but still getting the total picture is the excellent means to observe the drawbacks of your subject and maybe have the way to eradicate them. A major organizing concept of today's world, identity is at the same time inescapable and elusive. This topic would enable you to learn more about the ways that gender affects our behaviors in close relationships. Students have the chance to intern with organizations off campus in order to obtain experience. They can discuss how these virtual ads affect an online user's buying habits. Hearsay, Lies and Research Paper Topics for Communication Majors You're guaranteed the communication essay is going to be that which you've asked for. Communication is vital portion of life in any stage and writing assignments on it's a terrific prospect for those students. We picked a couple of information technology-related topics which make excellent research topics for college students. Keep in mind that students relating to a source only can wind up getting plagiarism accusations. Research Topics for Communication Students offer variety of suggestions to improve your research career. Thesis Topics on Business Communication Business communication is among the most essential fields that require excellent communication. Communication Assignment Help is provided to the students in the shape of following thesis topics. Employing relevant information Students should always search for recent publications, making certain that their ideas continue to be relevant. Intercultural communication is also important to external dealings, especially in the current competitive international business environment. Whether you opt to learn more about the area of enterprise, that of trade, or commerce there are lots of different subject matters that will demand extensive research for your benefit. The company world is changing all of the time. Below there are scores and scores of topics to select from ranging from accounting, management, international organization, business law and several more. TIPS Don't be reluctant to be overly prescriptive (e.g. All students must handle some element of the Fourth Amendment) and work with students to come up with their own distinct question on such matter. Organizational communication research topics take a look at the consequences of globalization in communication and the changes people want to make to the way that they communicate to be able to effectively understand people from all over the world. Some have limited time to read and compose a paper while some simply have the issue of managing well their time and meeting their specified deadlines. In some instances, students simply devise the study and after that imagine the potential results that may occur.

Write My College Papers - the Conspiracy

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On the off chance that you endeavor to google something like purchase paper on the web or even get my work done for me, you will watch several arrival benefits. </p> <h2> The Fight Against Write My College Papers </h2> <p>The article would be reasonably looked into and will be provided to the understudy heretofore so they can see whether there are any updates required. For school applications, you can need to have a 10-advance seminar on school application paper writing to find out additional. Particularly when the cutoff time is coming quick, you could always be unable to deliver a perfect school paper without help. </p> <p>Through us, you'll get the absolute best exposition ASAP. You are then going to be gotten some information about the subject territory the exposition should focus on. To find out about papers, it's critical to acknowledge why expositions are such a significant bit of scholastics. 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Murder on the Orient Express Essay Topics

<h1>Murder on the Orient Express Essay Topics</h1><p>Murder on the Orient Express is one of the most well known American wrongdoing fiction stories at any point composed. It is the narrative of two little fellows, Philip and Chris, who are recruited by a well off businessperson to move the body of a missing representative named Annie to France. The body has been solidified in light of the fact that the man who has the activity needs a decent serene death.</p><p></p><p>Philip and Chris never realized that something odd was going on in the plane. The entire thing began when they were helping a traveler who had been contaminated with an infection. Different travelers were reluctant to such an extent that he would kick the bucket that they chose to toss him out of the plane. The travelers believed that the pilot of the plane didn't have a clue what was going on in light of the fact that he returned into the cockpit in the wake of hurling the debi litated traveler out. They were wrong.</p><p></p><p>When it was the ideal opportunity for the individual to get off the plane, different travelers understood that Napoleon was pushing toward them. Rather than surrendering, different travelers bounced the representative's body out of the plane. At the point when the plane handled, the travelers understood that the body was alive and that it had started to move.</p><p></p><p>Napoleon assumed control over the body and ran down the steps. He at that point started to look the travelers for an approach to slaughter the individuals who had tossed him out of the airplane.</p><p></p><p>This book is said to be a not at all subtle adjustment of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. It was the primary American tale to be adjusted into a movie.</p><p></p><p>Murder on the Orient Express is outstanding amongst other wrongdoing books composed. The storyline is ba sic and fun, with the characters, particularly Napoleon and Annie, being affable, just as making for good unexpected developments. The experience and anticipation that go with the story are not to be missed.</p><p></p><p>There are two authority paper points that you can use to assist you with composing an article on this book. The first includes the fundamental characters Napoleon and Annie, while the subsequent one is about the internment camps, where the primary characters are sent.</p>

Research Paper Topics in Security Engineering

<h1>Research Paper Topics in Security Engineering</h1><p>This is only a brief glance at a portion of the security building research points. It is critical to comprehend the exploration points and how they sway an architect. They are compelling in making a structure for planning frameworks to guarantee that their extraordinary condition is as sheltered as possible.</p><p></p><p>One of the significant zones of concern is accordingly time. The capacity to react rapidly to dangers can mean the distinction between an effective and a falling flat business.</p><p></p><p>Responses can incorporate everything from dynamic measures to uninvolved ones. Dynamic measures incorporate conveying sensors to recognize a danger, or expanding a system's ability to sift through undesirable traffic. Aloof measures incorporate changing a PC's working framework to square infections and different dangers. There are additionally minor departure from each of these and a lot more procedures used to improve responses.</p><p></p><p>Security is something that can't be completely mechanized. A great deal of time and exertion goes into creating PC programs that can ensure organizations and associations. Fortunately there are presently programming apparatuses that accomplish this work for companies.</p><p></p><p>Another one of the security inquire about paper subjects is in human variables. A significant part of human conduct is facing challenges and assessing the potential results. Considering this, progressions to employments or working conditions can regularly prompt expanded hazard taking conduct. The potential for these practices to turn into an issue is expanded by the execution of security and hazard the executives processes.</p><p></p><p>Another significant venture identified with security building is its connection to computerization. This includes th e utilization of robotization to keep a business running easily. While this can be valuable in various manners, it can likewise prompt insecurity, low quality and loss of human knowledge.</p><p></p><p>These are only a couple of the security look into paper points that can be discovered on the web. There are a lot more subjects just as numerous different themes that identify with security and hazard the board when all is said in done. The significant thing is to get comfortable with them, assess the effect they may have and create them as you see fit.</p>

Rhetorical Analysis Of `` The Yellow Wallpaper `` By...

Short story fiction is a story that is shorter than a novel, has a few characters, and is about an imaginary event or person. Because short fiction is short the writer must capture and hold the reader’s attention within the first paragraph, which requires a mastery of literary technique. Some of the most helpful tools to use in literature are literary devices. Literary devices are any element, subject, or concept that is present through an entire body of literature. If these devices didn t exist, literature would be very hard to understand. They define the nature of a story, and they bring the text to life. Literary devices enhance the meaning of literature by establishing the theme, mood, and plot. Devices, such as situational irony, symbolism, and setting, are all helpful when reading short stories. Situational irony refers to when a character’s actions have the opposite effect of what was intended. The author, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, uses situational irony in The Yellow Wallpaper to make the plot of her story interesting. In her short story the narrator is moved to a temporary home due to her health and is not allowed to do anything, which makes her go insane. She becomes so obsessed with the yellow wallpaper in her room, she convinces herself a woman is trapped inside the thin paper and she must be set free. Situational irony is irony involving a situation in which an action has a certain effect that is opposite from what was intended, so, the outcome isShow MoreRelatedDeconstructive Analysis: The Yellow Wall Paper1357 Words   |  6 PagesDeconstructive Analysis: The Yellow Wall Paper Deconstruction or poststructuralist is a type of literary criticism that took its roots in the 1960’s. Jacques Derrida gave birth to the theory when he set out to demonstrate that all language is associated with mental images that we produce due to previous experiences. This system of literary scrutiny interprets meaning as effects from variances between words rather than their indication to the things they represent. This philosophical theory strives

Ethical Issues in Business Essay Topics

<h1>Ethical Issues in Business Essay Topics</h1><p>When it comes to composing a moral issue in business article themes, you have to ensure that your work depends on the rules spread out by the Fairness Doctrine, The Civil Rights Act and the Equal Opportunity Act. These laws were first settled to help forestall work separation and to help entrepreneurs to guarantee that they are not victimizing a potential or current worker. Not following the rules is unlawful segregation. You likewise need to see whether the organization you are working for has a reputation of damaging these rules.</p><p></p><p>When composing moral issues in business article subjects, it is critical to make reference to the significance of free discourse and the privileges of laborers. You likewise need to take note of that the economy has made numerous organizations come up short on cash and cut back on recruiting. The economy has likewise raised businesses to get into rucku s too. Numerous organizations have begun to close or scale back, which implies more individuals are jobless. This will make issues with respects the social equality and reasonable treatment of employees.</p><p></p><p>When composing the papers, you ought to incorporate a precise depiction of the circumstance. Give subtleties that are not excessively close to home but rather are viewed as accurate. Make certain to express the 'realities' precisely with the goal that others won't be fooled into accepting what you are stating. On the off chance that the data gave is incorrect, there might be results to this data, for example, being terminated or denied the chance to work at another location.</p><p></p><p>Companies can be in a position where they could be the objective of claims. At the point when you talk about the issues in business exposition themes, remember to make reference to that these claims will likely cost the organization a grea t deal of cash. This implies they should begin paying the legitimate charges. This will place them in a tricky money related circumstance that they can't afford.</p><p></p><p>Companies ought to know that they can get sued if theyare not complying with the law. A few organizations have just been sued because of infringement of the Equal Opportunity Act and different kinds of laws. With regards to morals in business paper subjects, you should realize that all organizations will be held obligated for any demonstrations or explanations made by any representative in their organization. Regardless of whether you are discussing a worker or a business, you ought to recollect that it is the organization's obligation to deal with these circumstances and that you are not accountable for taking care of these situations.</p><p></p><p>Writing moral issues in business paper themes ought not be about you. You have to recall that you are representing t he organization and that you are speaking to it. You likewise need to recollect that you are speaking to the privileges of a present or future worker or another person who isn't secured by the laws or guidelines of the company.</p><p></p><p>Ethics in business paper points can accompany results. In spite of the fact that it may appear as though you are representing the organization, you truly are definitely not. You have to recollect that the representatives you are speaking to require your consideration too. Be cautious in the papers you write.</p>

Research Papers on Brand Equity

<h1>Research Papers on Brand Equity</h1><p>If you need to consider making the plunge in business and profession instructing or business composing, it tends to be a smart thought to direct some exploration papers on brand value. Brand value is the new trendy expression in the business world today. What does this mean?</p><p></p><p>Well, it's everything about whether the organization's incentive (VPM) sounds good to the general population. This has become the foundation of an organization's drawn out budgetary maintainability. On the off chance that the general population doesn't comprehend the item or administration of the organization, it isn't probably going to keep working with that specific organization. What's more, accordingly, the organization's incentive won't be ready to support itself in the market.</p><p></p><p>An case of this is the way that assembling organizations keep up their client base. Previously, the se makers had the option to do so in light of the fact that they made their items strong and reasonable. However, since the assembling scene has changed and it's important to move into more up to date showcases, these assembling organizations need to exploit the new innovation to keep their items serious. The sort of upper hand that a business can assemble is called 'brand equity'.</p><p></p><p>The approach to do this exploration papers on brand value in this occasion is to take a gander at what the contenders are doing. Study their promoting efforts, which advertisements get the most media consideration, which sorts of media drives the most noteworthy reaction, and what kinds of target bunches do they advance to. These are immeasurably significant things to examine while assessing an item or administration that the organization might be selling.</p><p></p><p>Various techniques can be utilized to consider these things. One path is to u tilize the assistance of the Internet.</p><p></p><p>You can utilize the sites of different online destinations that offer this sort of administration, for example, mycompanyview.comand FreeAdvisor.com. These destinations permit you to post certain data on different open sites. This permits people in general to see your organization, just as your rivals, over the web.</p><p></p><p>Some different thoughts for directing exploration papers on brand value include the peruser's very own encounters and perceptions. Take a gander at how you are seen by your friends and partners in business, and inquire as to whether there are any parts of your organization that you believe you could enhance. In the event that there are explicit territories that you might want to enhance, you will find that you can without much of a stretch do as such by changing the manner in which you direct business.</p><p></p><p>Once you have taken i n the nuts and bolts of research papers on brand value, you will find that this will be the fundamental establishment for building an effective business. You may find that you are as yet chipping away at a portion of the littler subtleties as you progress, however this will be one of the most significant parts of your business.</p>

College Essay Topics For College Students

<h1>College Essay Topics For College Students</h1><p>Funny contentious exposition points for undergrads are utilized to change the course of an understudy's life and influence their training extraordinarily. In this time when the activity showcase is enduring, the main thing that can inspire them is to discover new and fascinating approaches to procure money.</p><p></p><p>The fundamental motivation behind why individuals compose articles is to gain cash for themselves and their families. However, as the occupations are getting additionally requesting, the understudies feel that composition and altering are getting monotonous and depleting. They begin searching for approaches to improve their composing aptitudes with the goal that they can show signs of improvement occupations and procure more money.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous approaches to improve your composing abilities and that is the reason there are such a si gnificant number of schools currently showing their understudies how to compose enticing articles. In any case, with such a large number of universities offering courses in news-casting, inquire about, etc, it is elusive a school that will show you composing, look into, editing and the sentence structure part of the English language. Be that as it may, in such a domain, you will have the option to locate the correct method to assist you with improving as an author and procure more cash. For a school article themes for undergrads, the best spot is a school that offers seminars on composing skills.</p><p></p><p>The initial phase in improving your composing abilities is to figure out how to utilize the English language. With English being such a typical language for nearly everybody, it would be hard for them to comprehend your composition. One approach to make your composing reasonable is to abstain from utilizing slang words and expressions. On the off chance that you need to make your composing increasingly proficient, ensure that your work will be perceived by your potential employer.</p><p></p><p>Another significant piece of composing is editing. Nonetheless, in the event that you need to improve your composing abilities, you have to accomplish something beyond editing. The facts confirm that you will be unable to compose as fast as you did toward the start of your composing vocation, yet on the off chance that you can improve your composing aptitudes, you will have the chance to compose quicker and establish a decent connection with the peruser. You have to figure out how to alter your work to make it more efficient.</p><p></p><p>What makes it much progressively great is that most universities offer courses recorded as a hard copy and altering as a major aspect of their courses for undergrads. This makes it simple for the understudies to find out about what they ought to do to improve t heir composing abilities. The most ideal approach to do this is to search for a school that offers various types of seminars on composing. These courses are isolated into legitimate classes that can assist you with expanding your comprehension of the English language and the fundamental pieces of the composing process.</p><p></p><p>Colleges today are confronted with a troublesome undertaking in giving quality training to their understudies. The graduation rate has declined and numerous understudies are deciding on advanced education establishments for more openings for work. The most ideal approach to guarantee that their understudies keep themselves refreshed about the calling is to offer them an assortment of composing classes, or possibly a customary showing organization with a decent reputation.</p>

Is College Education Worth It - 1460 Words

Is College Education Worth It? Have you ever wondered how much some of our nation’s top college presidents earn as compensations? If not, then the CNN documentary Ivory Tower is a good starting point. The continual increase of college tuition and student loans has made headlines in the news recently, mostly because of the alarming amount of student debt in the United States. According to the College Board, in 2010, students graduated from college owing an average of $25,250 in student loans; the highest amount ever. Needless to say that we are way pass this amount as of January 2016. As it stands, student debt is more than $1.2 Trillion dollars, higher than both credit card debt and auto loans. It is, thus, not surprising that the issue of the cost of a college education is at the forefront in this year’s presidential primaries. Democrat frontrunner Hillary Clinton is proposing a â€Å"debt-free tuition† and her opponent, Bernie Sanders, is offering â€Å"free tuition† for college stude nts. If they are not being just being â€Å"politicians† and remain true to their words, then like Europe, college education in the United States will be, for the most part free. However, if they fail to fulfill their promises, then God help America. In light of this, if the current trends in the unemployment rates among recent college graduates and the ever-increasing student loan debts are anything to go by, then a college education is not worth the cost. Contemporary research findings have shown thatShow MoreRelatedIs A College Education Worth It?1018 Words   |  5 PagesIn today’s society, the idea of receiving a college education has been pondered quite a bit as to whether or not it is actually worth it. According to Michelle Adam, many people â€Å"†¦today believe that getting a good education is key to success in our society, this revealed surprising issues that challenge the notion of higher education being worth its price tag† (59). Naturally, many high school graduates apply for college right before or after graduation. Others decide to go into the work force, armedRead MoreIs College Worth A Education?1140 Words   |  5 PagesIs college worth attending? Many graduating students are leaving college today with enormous amounts of student’s loans debt. Sometimes they do not obtain the college degree that they were going to school for. Today many induvial believe that getting a good education is the key to success in our society. There are issues that challenge the notion of higher education being worth its price. While in college, many students suffer stress from all the school work and responsibilities that is requiredRead MoreIs College Education Worth It?1366 Words   |  6 PagesIs College Education Worth It? Have you ever wondered how much some of our nation’s top college presidents are paid? If not, then the CNN documentary Ivory Tower is a good starting point. The continual increase of college tuition and student loans has made headlines in the news recently, mostly because of the alarming amount of student debt in the United States. According to the College Board, in 2010, students graduated from college owing an average of $25,250 in student loans; the highest amountRead MoreIs A College Education Worth It?1443 Words   |  6 PagesMarch 2016 Is a College Education Worth It? Is the American dream just a dream?The worth of a college education is arguably one of the most controversial topics in the country. Over the years, the American education system seems to emphasize and underline the importance of college education. The reality of the situation is that a college education can be appreciated through looking at the statistical numbers of people that have enrolled in to college education. A college education is valued becauseRead MoreIs A College Education Worth It?1533 Words   |  7 PagesIs a college education worth it? While it is important to get a college education, there are many people who cannot afford to go to college. Going to college leaves adults in millions of dollars in debt for many years. This results in adults working most their life to just pay off their education. However, starting work right out of high school instead of going to a 4-year college has been more appealing to some people. Going to a trade school is less expensive and l ess time consuming. However, notRead MoreIs College Education Worth It?1924 Words   |  8 PagesIs a College Education Worth It? Garrett Lazorchak Introduction The debate about whether a college education is worth it may have begun when the pilgrims first came over from Europe and founded â€Å"New College†, which was later changed to Harvard University in 1636. With over 19.9 million college students enrolled today and a combined student debt for the country of over 1.2 trillion dollars the debate continues today. People who argue that college is not worth it, point to the crippling debt thatRead MoreIs College Education Worth It1819 Words   |  8 PagesIs College Education Worth It? Hailey Mulligan October 24, 2012 Organization Communication MG320 Is College Education Worth It? Getting a â€Å"good† job is not straightforward as it used to be. In past generations, someone in an entry-level position could work their way up the ladder simply through hard work and determination; whether or not one had credentials or a diploma mattered very little. This is not the case today. Higher education is now critical to obtaining a better job because the demandRead MoreCollege Education Is Worth The Cost Of College926 Words   |  4 Pagesidea that they will go to college. However, few individuals take the time to think about the essence of a college education. For some people college education is worth it whiles for others it may not be worth the cost. General assumption of not making it to college and still making it in life has now become a wise saying for desperate people who have decided to chase money but not a career. A recent study emphasized that one can eventually make it without going to college but how many people do makeRead MoreIs A College Educati on Worth The Cost?1283 Words   |  6 PagesIs a College Education Worth the Cost? Have you ever just stopped to think about what it must be like to be â€Å"qualified† for a job yet be unemployed and homeless? Starving on the streets because you paid everything you had to an institution that was supposed to guarantee a better life, a more stable and successful career. Obviously this is an extreme case, not everyone who pays for college ends up living on the streets and broke, but almost every college graduate is in debt. For as long as collegeRead MorePursuing A College Education : Is It Worth It?1492 Words   |  6 PagesJohn McKeown AP Language, Period G Ms. Hasebroock December 4, 2014 Pursuing a College Education: Is It Worth It? Due to some recent events in my life, I have been strongly contemplating on whether or not college is the right choice for me. My father went to college at St. Norbert College in DePere, Wisconsin and shortly after he received a job as a clerk at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. He slowly worked his way up to a trading position in the pit, which can be potentially very rewarding. When

Physical Assessment Demographic Data

Question: Write about thePhysical Assessmentfor Demographic Data. Answer: Introduction This is a case study of Katie McConnell, a 23-year-old lady presenting with a subdural hematoma due to mild traumatic injuries to the brain after a car accident. Demographic data on Subdural Hematoma A Subdural hematoma is not a usual complaint about the age group which Katie McConnell belongs. Older patients with trauma tend to have an acute subdural hematoma (Vollmer, Torner, Jane, Sadovnic, Charlebois, Eisenberg Marshall, 2001). Studies show that the average age of patients with trauma but no acute subdural hematoma is around twenty-six years of age. However, the average age of patients who have subdural hematoma is around forty years. Therefore in our case study, that was an infrequent incident since the patient is only twenty-three years. A Subdural hematoma is commonly associated with old age because the older population has a substantial atrophy of the brain since it allows a shear force (Davis, Richardson, 2015). A Subdural hematoma is not a usual complaint about women. Men are normally more affected as compared to women. Clinical Presentation The normal range of heart rate is between 60bpm and 100bpm. The normal blood pressure range from 120/80 to 140/90. Katie presents with increased heart rate of 87bpm and increased blood pressure 142/78 due to the rise in the intracranial pressure. The average oxygen saturation of blood levels is between 94% and 99%. The standard respiratory frequency for a healthy individual is between 12 to 20 breaths per minutes. Katie had SpO2 OF 96% and 13 breaths per minute which show that she might have had only a mild respiratory distress. Glasgow coma scale is a neurological scale that is used to record the conscious level of a patient (Teasdale, Maas, Lecky, Manley, Stocchetti Murray, 2014). The score is between 3 and 14. A score of about 3 points shows deep unconsciousness while a score of 14 shows full consciousness. Katie has a Glasgow Coma Score of 14 which indicates that she is fully conscious. In traumatic brain injury leading to subdural hematoma, the patient exhibit memory loss, and confusion. Katie presents with memory loss as she finds difficulties in recalling recent information unless prompted. Valuable information that is missing from the information and is useful is if gait and balance were okay. Individuals with traumatic brain injury and subdural hematoma tend to have an abnormal gait and loss of balance. There is no information on personality change which is common in similar cases. Presenting Problem The clinical presentation shows that the case of Katie is a mild traumatic brain injury. In instances where the patient has no history of previous head trauma, the subdural hematoma is usually considered as mild (Katz, Cohen Alexander, 2015).). Therefore, Katies subdural hematoma is mild since from her medical history she has had only a painful ankle which she had acquired while playing basketball. There is a mild loss of consciousness, confusion, and disorientation. In such cases, the MRI and CT scans usually show normal results. Katie is expected to present with cognitive problems which include difficulty in thinking, attention deficit, frustration, headache, mood swings and memory problems. The patient also can exhibit fatigue, loss of balance, visual disturbances, depression, and seizures. The assessment for mild traumatic brain injuries starts with checking of vital signs. The presence of tachycardia and hypertension should be assessed since these are associated with increased intracranial pressure (Friedman, 2014). A full neurological examination should be performed regarding pupil size, reactivity, and papilledema that also shows raised intracranial pressure (Karrar, Mansour Bhansali, 2011). The presence of any external trauma to the head and other body parts should be determined. The various cognitive domains that are affected by mild traumatic brain injury needs to be assessed. Higher cognitive abilities, information processing, memory, and attention should be thoroughly examined (Carroll, Cassidy, Cancelliere, Ct, Hincapi, Kristman, Hartvigsen, 2014). A standard assessment to determine the presenting complaint is through a detailed clinical interview. Katie should be asked about the highest level of education that she has attained. Then she should mention if th ere are any pre-existing learning difficulties. Katies medical and also psychological history should be given. Previous head injuries as early as childhood should be inquired. Focused Health Assessment Understanding the severity, nature and even the modalities of the cognitive complaint is evaluated using the neuropsychological assessment. Neuropsychological testing helps in diagnosis, treatment as well as the rehabilitation process (McCrea, Nelson Guskiewicz, 2017). As noted above, the process starts with medical history taking and proceeds to tests. Various specific and focused investigations need to be carried out to determine the condition of Katie. These assessments are mostly imaging techniques. Since Katie has signs of raised intracranial pressure, urgent neuroimaging is needed. CT scan and MRI tests should also be performed to detect the extent of subdural hematoma (Yuh, Mukherjee, Lingsma, Yue, Ferguson, Gordon Manley, 2013). Secondary injuries, for example, cervical spine structure should be radiologically surveyed. An electroencephalogram (EEG) should be performed on Katie to show the electrical activity of her brain. A person who does not have traumatic brain injury w ill show normal brain structure while viewed through MRI, CT scans, and X-ray. Katie will demonstrate the element of brain damage. The EEG values of Katie will show either beta activity or delta activity while those of an average person shows alpha activity. Detailed Assessment As noted above, various types of neurological tests are carried out during assessment in mild traumatic injury. These tests are grouped into two; those that evaluate the function of the brain and those that examine the structure of the brain after an injury. The CT scans and MRI evaluate the structure of the brain. EEG and SPECT scans are used to determine the function of the brain. The MRI and CT scan radiographically slices the brain into slabs. The MRI utilizes the magnetic fields while the CT scan uses x-ray (Levin Diaz-Arrastia, 2015). These two tests can be used to show the extent of damage to Katies brain caused by trauma due to the car accident. The EEG will be used to monitor Katies brain electrical activity using various wires attached to her scalp. The healthy brain usually discharges signals at a frequency of between 8 and 13 cycles per second, which is referred to as alpha activity. Faster cycles are known as a beta activity, and slower cycles are known as delta activit y. These findings should be recorded to determine the brain activity of Katie. Skull x-rays to be taken. Headache history should be provided by Katie including a migraine, tension and substance withdrawal. One should also characterize visual complaints, evaluate ocular motor skills, describe pain complains that Katie presents. Dizziness, dyscoordination, and imbalance should be assessed by single-foot standing, star-march or Romberg. The cardiac status and also serum glucose level of Katie should be evaluated as these are a possible contributing factor to dizziness. To ensure adequate medical assessment of Katie, overall fitness, conditioning, sensation, muscular strength, proprioception and range of motion should be evaluated. Conclusion Neurological emergencies are common in a clinical setting. Medical history taking is the most crucial process in the assessment and management of patients with traumatic brain injury that leads to the subdural hematoma. To be able to understand the presenting complaint, thorough interview and examination of the patient are paramount. After the physical examination, a focused health assessment is done followed by a more detailed evaluation to enable the health practitioner to make the differential diagnosis. The assessment should be systemic, and use of EEG, MRI and CT scans is paramount. Through the careful medical history taking and physical examination, we can formulate a differential diagnosis and even management plan for Katie. References Carroll, L. J., Cassidy, J. D., Cancelliere, C., Ct, P., Hincapi, C. A., Kristman, V. L., ... Hartvigsen, J. (2014). Systematic review of the prognosis after mild traumatic brain injury in adults: cognitive, psychiatric, and mortality outcomes: results of the International Collaboration on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Prognosis. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 95(3), S152-S173. Davis, L. E., Richardson, S. P. (2015). Traumatic Brain Injury and Subdural Hematoma. In Fundamentals of Neurologic Disease (pp. 225-233). Springer New York. Friedman, D. I. (2014). Papilledema and idiopathic intracranial hypertension. CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology, 20(4, Neuro-ophthalmology), 857-876. Karrar, E. E., Mansour, N., Bhansali, A. (2011). Cranial and spinal trauma: Current concepts. Disease-a-Month, 57(10), 543-557. Katz, D. I., Cohen, S. I., Alexander, M. P. (2015). Mild traumatic brain injury. Handbook of clinical neurology, 127, 131-156. Levin, H. S., Diaz-Arrastia, R. R. (2015). Diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical management of mild traumatic brain injury. The Lancet Neurology, 14(5), 506-517. McCrea, M. A., Nelson, L. D., Guskiewicz, K. (2017). Diagnosis and Management of Acute Concussion. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. Teasdale, G., Maas, A., Lecky, F., Manley, G., Stocchetti, N., Murray, G. (2014). The Glasgow Coma Scale at 40 years: standing the test of time. The Lancet Neurology, 13(8), 844-854. Vollmer, D. G., Torner, J. C., Jane, J. A., Sadovnic, B., Charlebois, D., Eisenberg, H. M., ... Marshall, L. F. (2001). Age and outcome following traumatic coma: why do older patients fare worse?. Special Supplements, 75(1S), S37-S49. Yuh, E. L., Mukherjee, P., Lingsma, H. F., Yue, J. K., Ferguson, A. R., Gordon, W. A., ... Manley, G. T. (2013). Magnetic resonance imaging improves 3?month outcome prediction in mild traumatic brain injury. Annals of neurology, 73(2), 224-235.

Changes in Synapses That Happen During Classical Conditioning free essay sample

The first scientific study of animal learning demonstrated a form of associative learning classical conditioning; it can be described as a process of learning where a neutral stimulus (e. g. bell) is paired with an unconditional stimulus (e. g. food) and as a consequence, the neutral stimulus becomes conditioned and comes to elicit the same response (e. g. salivation) as the unconditional stimulus even when presented alone (Murphy Naish, 2006). It has been proposed that â€Å"†¦classical conditioning†¦is quite easy to explain on the basis of simple changes in synapses. † In order to assess the merit of this claim, it is necessary to describe the simple changes that occur in synapses during classical conditioning. All forms of learning require some synaptic change, however it isn’t clear whether these can always be explained by the same kind of synaptic changes that happen in classical conditioning (Murphy Naish, 2006). Some forms of learning will be explored in terms of synaptic changes. At a neurobiological level, learning is â€Å"created† by the interconnectedness between neurons (synapses). Hebb proposed that if the postsynaptic neuron fired while the presynaptic terminal was releasing neurotransmitter (NT), the presynaptic neuron would be more likely to influence the postsynaptic neuron on subsequent occasions, i. e. when previously unassociated neurons fire simultaneously on repeated occasions, new links are formed which increase synaptic efficiency (Hebbian learning). Hebbian learning explains Pavlov’s associative learning classical conditioning. Pavlov carried out experiments with dogs and noted their salivation reflex in response to food presentation (unconditioned response), later he repeatedly paired the presentation of food (unconditioned stimulus) with the ringing of a bell (neutral stimulus) and finally he sounded the bell (conditional stimulus) without presenting the food and that alone triggered salivation (conditioned response) (Murphy Naish, 2006). Repeated activity in two neurons simultaneously (e. g. bell, food) strengthens the synapses and eventually activity in one of the two neurons alone will produce activity in the other because new effective links are formed by the repeated and simultaneous firing, creating an auto-associated pattern (bell and food repeatedly presented together lead to a conditioned learning response). The conditioning of an eye-blink to a buzzer is another example that can be supported by Hebb’s proposal of changes in synaptic efficacy. Activation of the neutral (presynaptic) neuron that fires to the sound of a buzzer at the same time that a puff of air occurs (unconditioned neuron) causes an eye-blinking response (blinking neuron). At first, the connection between the neutral neuron and the postsynaptic neuron is very weak, so the release of NT by the neutral neuron is unlikely to trigger firing in the postsynaptic neuron. However, the unconditioned (presynaptic) neuron has an efficient synapse with the postsynaptic neuron i. e. this presynaptic neuron causes the postsynaptic neuron to fire thus producing a blinking response. If both presynaptic neurons are repeatedly activated at the same time that the air-puff occurs, an excitatory postsynaptic potential is elicited in the blinking neuron and the previously weak synapse will become stronger to the point that, this synapse alone can trigger firing in the postsynaptic neuron that responds to the air-puff and causes eye-blinking (Murphy Naish, 2006). Classical conditioning was originally interpreted as an automatic response linking a new stimulus to an existing reflex behaviour (S-R sequence). However, further research into conditioning found the process to be more complex, Pavlov realized that his dogs came running to be fed when they heard the bell. But, running isn’t an automatic reflex; this could perhaps be seen as instrumental conditioning, which happens when behaviour is rewarded. This kind of learning appears more complex than classical conditioning, as previously interpreted, as the animal has to acquire what appears like a declarative memory (a memory of â€Å"knowing what†). Thus, this process of learning is likely to involve a more complex system of adjusting Hebbian synaptic efficiency. Instrumental conditioning is often used when teaching new tricks to a dog, e. g. teaching a dog to â€Å"shake hands†; upon hearing the command the dog sits down and raises a front paw, then the dog receives a reward (Murphy Naish, 2006). Applying Hebbian learning to this example isn’t straightforward, however as the time between triggering the behaviour and receiving the reward has to be almost instantaneous, or the dog won’t learn the trick, this can be linked to Hebbian learning both neurons (human voice and reward) have to be simultaneously activated for the behaviour to take place, i. . synaptic strength will increase only if both pre- and postsynaptic neurons are simultaneously activated (Murphy Naish, 2006). Perhaps â€Å"reward† neurons fire while there is activity in the neurons that direct the behaviour. The dog may anticipate the reward which leads to the â€Å"shaking-hands† behaviour and is likely to strengthen associated synapses. T he theory that learning can induce changes in neural networks is supported by recordings from the sea slug aplysia while the animal is learning (Murphy Naish, 2006). Aplysia is perhaps the most simple example of biological changes at synapses resulting in encoding environmental events and thus learning. This animal is able of non-associative learning brought about by changes in synaptic connections between sensory and motor neurons. If a mild stimulation is applied to the siphon, it withdraws its gill, however repeated mild stimulation decreases its reponse, i. e. habituation occurs, due to a reduction in the number of synaptic connections which leads to a decrease in synaptic efficiency. But, if an intense stimulus is applied to the tail or head this results in withdrawal of the gill, i. . sensitization occurs, due to an increase in the number of synaptic connections, leading to increased synaptic efficiency (Murphy Naish, 2006). The different examples of learning presented can to some extent be supported by Hebb’s proposal of changes in synaptic efficiency. Since synaptic changes are all we have available as a physical basis of learning they could perhaps be further explored as the physical basis of all forms of learning. Word count: 984 References Murphy, K. , Naish, P. (2006). Learning and Memory, Learning and Language, 2nd ed. , pp. 1-29, 42-48, The Open University, Milton Keynes. QUESTION 2 a. i. For dopamine (DA) to â€Å"skyrocket†, it means that high levels of it were released by the dopaminergic system and as this substance plays a role in the appetitive phase of feeding motivation, will likely motivate the person to obtain food in order to bring their body nutrients back to optimal level (homeostasis). The increase in DA levels is caused by the activation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway which increases its neural activity. a. ii. A PET scan procedure with a participant who is a cheeseburger eater (non-meat eaters might not experience a DA rise). The participant should fast for 8-12 hours (to make sure he/she feels hungry). A radioactively-labelled marker is injected intravenously into the participant and his/her brain is scanned before waving a hot cheeseburger in front of his/her nose/mouth and scanned again while this is happening. Brain scans will compare DA levels â€Å"before† and â€Å"during† the food stimulation. The comparison will look both at brain regions/neurons affected and activity levels. As the marker competes with the brain’s released DA to bind to receptors, the scans will provide an inverse measure of the brain’s DA levels, i. . an increase in DA will show a low signal from the marker and vice-versa. Word count: 200 b. i. This could happen either because of genetic reasons i. e. the person was born with fewer dopamine D2 receptors or because the repeated use of certain substances/drugs has led to a decrease in D2 receptors. It is also possible that the combination of genetic fa ctors and drug use contribute to a decrease in D2 receptors. b. ii. The best kind of evidence would be brain imaging (e. g. PET scans) of addicts; ideally from before and during the addiction. In order to compare the same individual(s) levels of D2 receptors so as to decide whether D2 receptors decreased with drug use or were originally low. Brain imaging of close relatives or genetic studies would also be useful in deciding if fewer D2 receptors were inherited. b. iii. The notion of â€Å"desensitization† in the extract indicates that the repeated use of addictive drugs decreases the amount of dopamine D2 receptors causing the dopaminergic system to become less sensitive to DA, thus leading the addict to seek greater amounts of the drug. This concept contrasts with â€Å"incentive sensitization†, i. e. the repeated exposure of the NS to addictive drugs leads to increase in dendritic spines which â€Å"pulls† the addict towards drug-related incentives e. g. syringes, locations associated with drug-taking. Word count: 199 c. i. In terms of incentives what might be involved is: pleasure, cues paired with food e. g. smell, sight of food, location. A spike in dopamine levels caused by presentation of a conditional stimulus e. g. tress, pain, watching TV etc, if the person tends to eat when these occur. c. ii. The â€Å"much more† and hunger interact as external and internal factors in the feeding motivation. The internal factors reflect an internal deficit of energy (e. g. nutrients, glucose levels), the external factors are related to things like, sight or smell of food, changing in available diet. c. iii. The functional significance is to pull the person to seek food and restore homeostatic balance, thus lowering the body’s perceived risk to physical integrity. Word count: 100 d. Schizophrenia is associated with abnormalities in the anatomy of the brain and the network connections within it (made of small building blocks called neurons), thus producing abnormal levels of certain brain chemicals. From this point of view it might be considered a brain disorder, however the abnormality or dysfunction that occurs in the brain leads to particular patterns of thinking and feeling which cause abnormal psychological experiences. This second aspect may point to a classification of schizophrenia as a mind disorder. From a biological psychology perspective brain structure/activity and thoughts/feelings constitute different aspects of a highly complex phenomenon where a dysfunctional brain affects an individual’s psychological experience. While major symptoms like: hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, affective flattening and social withdrawal tend to be the focus of attention and may seem like the confirmation of a mind disorder, there are subtle and ongoing cognitive difficulties which tend to be ignored: problems with coordination, attention, concentration and willed action. Evidence shows: lower IQ levels, abnormal patterns of eye movement when following a target, unusual EEGs. PET and MRI scans provide detailed evidence of deep measurable brain abnormalities at the level of: structure, cells and chemicals which affect brain functioning in schizophrenics. Word count: 199W